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The Seager
equation treats only a certain amount of red
dwarf stars, ie stars of the spectral class M,
namely only stars that can be detected by the
JWST telescope.
The Seager equation can also be extended to all
red dwarf stars, in the galaxy. |
N* = NRZ
= A·FRZ is the
number of M stars (Red Dwarfs) present
in the galaxy with FRZ
= 0.7 and A = 200-300 billion stars.
fQ stands
for the proportion of quiet M-stars, which account for
about 80 %
fHZ
= Fph = Fp·Fh
is the proportion of those M stars, which have a planet
first and secondly it is in the habitable zone.Fp
= 201:14,000 and Fh
= 10:603 with Fph
= 1:4,200.
fO
quantifies the proportion of those planets that are
visible at the star for the JWST.(0.01 x 0.1= 0.001)
fL =
FL is the fraction
of animated planets, with FL
= 1:9.
fS stands
for an intelligence which leaves a measurable
biosignature in the atmosphere, ie a technological
civilization, with: fS
= Fi·Fz
= 1:14 · 1:7,943 = 1:111.203
This results in:
| 10.2.1 Equation |
N = A · FRZ
· fQ
· Fph ·
fO ·
FL ·
Fi
· Fz
N = A · FRZ
· fQ
· Fph ·
fO ·
FLiz |
Substituting the values into equation10.2.1 yields:
N = (100-300)·109 · 0.7 · 0.8 · 0.001 ·
1:4200 · 1:1001
N = 14 – 40 technological civilizations
According to Theorem 6.4.1, there are 10 –
290 technological civilizations, in sun-like
star systems, in our galaxy.
This results in a much smaller number of
civilizations, with red dwarfs as central stars, than in
sun-like systems.
Comment:
A biosignature means certain signs in the
atmosphere of an exoplanet, such as the existence of
certain gases (such as CO2 and CFCs) that
indicate the presence of a technological civilization.
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